Informalidad y supervivencia en Chernóbil: etnografía de un espacio nuclear
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Recientemente, el debate sobre el fenómeno de las actividades económicas informales se ha ido alejando, por lo menos parcialmente, de aquellas lógicas estrictamente monetarias, desplazándose hacia esquemas más complejos donde, dentro de perspectivas a largo plazo, se asumen paradigmas no materialistas. Sin embargo, el papel de la informalidad en numerosos aspectos de la existencia individual sigue sin ser verdadero objeto de estudio. Este artículo desvela qué ocurre cuando el Estado se retira (véase el fin de la garantía de prestaciones y servicios sociales) de una determinada área geográfica y qué tipo de mecanismos, prácticas e instituciones surgen en su lugar. Sugerimos que en el contexto de la desaparición de un Estado de bienestar y en ausencia de alternativas por parte del sector privado una miríada de transacciones y de actores logran colmar el vacío y ofrecer así una cobertura de carácter informal. Nuestro caso de estudio se centra en la Zona de Exclusión de Chernóbil en el noreste de Ucrania, afectada por el accidente nuclear homónimo, revelando con ello cómo todos aquellos que han quedado excluidos y abandonados, y a quienes identificamos como inmersos en la "nuda vida" post-nuclear (Agamben, 1998), han logrado crear mecanismos de seguridad social independientemente de los esquemas estatales, ofreciendo un papel complementario, y ello hasta hoy en día. Arreglos informales, locales y no oficiales en un espacio nuclear resultan cruciales para la supervivencia en un entorno marginal y peligroso como es este.
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